Almond market has great potential for development

Almond, also known as almond, is a good woody grain and oil fruit tree. It has been cultivated in China for more than 1300 years. The edible part of almonds is seeds. Its kind of kernel is rich in nutrients and it is a fruit with high nutritional value. Due to its high nutritional value, good ecological benefits, and high economic value, almonds have the highest output in the world. At present, the output of almonds in the world is on the rise every year, and the United States has the fastest increase in output. Since the introduction of almonds in California, California, the ecology, physiology, variety, cultivation and processing trade of the tree species have been extensively and deeply studied. A number of elite varieties were selected and the growth, pollination, fruiting habits of the main cultivars, and the grafting affinities between different cultivars and rootstocks were mastered. Implementation of intensive management, scientific irrigation and fertilization, and strengthening of pest and disease control established the almond industry and achieved high yields and high quality. Makes the United States the main producer of almonds in the world. It also became the world's largest exporter of almonds. Exports to more than 100 countries and regions in the world, the annual export value of more than 1 billion US dollars. The main importing countries of almonds in the world are Germany, Japan, Britain, France and other countries. China's almonds are mainly distributed in the Kashgar and Hetian area in southern Xinjiang, with a total area of ​​nearly 40,000 mu. The total output is less than 3,000 tons (information of the Xinjiang Agricultural Department) and it is far from meeting the people's consumption in China. In recent years, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and other provinces and regions are actively introducing tests and developing cultivation. Since almonds are an excellent tree species that integrates economic, ecological and social benefits, many countries in the world attach great importance to the development of almonds and the scale of production continues to expand. According to statistics, during the three years from 1995 to 1997, the world’s output of almonds increased by 33.4%, of which the United States’ output accounted for more than 70% of the world’s total output, and exports were also the most. China's almond production is mainly concentrated in the Kashgar region of Xinjiang, with an annual output of less than 3,000 tons, far from meeting the needs of the domestic market. Every year, China imports at least 6,000 tons to make up for the lack of the domestic market. Therefore, there is great potential for the development of almond production in the domestic market. At the same time, adopting excellent varieties, supporting advanced cultivation management techniques, large-scale development, and intensive production not only can occupy the domestic market, but also can participate in the competition in the international market. The prospects are very broad. In addition, the fruit industry has developed rapidly. Due to the irrational structure of the varieties and relative surplus of production, prices have fallen and fell again, and economic benefits have declined significantly. In the future, fruit production will show a stable adjustment and development trend for a long time to come. Therefore, it is urgent to find an economic tree species that is conducive to exerting natural advantages, has broad prospects, and is easy to manage, to meet the needs of fruit farmers. Almonds have strong adaptability, drought tolerance, thin tolerance, fruit storage resistance, transport resistance, and suitable for hillside and beach planting. In particular, greening the barren hills and returning farmland to forests provide abundant land resources for the development of almonds. At the same time, almonds have good water conservation function and economic benefits, which brings opportunities for accelerating the development and management of hillside land. The choice of planting garden site. The amygdala has a short dormancy period and requires low cold. In general, it has a low temperature of 7.2°C or lower and 100 to 250 hours in winter, which can meet the needs of normal growth and development. The flowering is early, the spring temperature rises quickly and is often victimized by night cream. Therefore, in the mountainous area, the construction of the park should be in the middle of the hillside where the night frost should not occur or in the open valley, and at the same time, no parks should be built in the main wind tunnel area. In addition, almonds are highly luminous and have strong drought resistance. According to research, the critical soil moisture content of almonds is 5% to 6%, and the wilting coefficient is 2% to 3%. Therefore, the site should also be suitable for sheltering in the south slope of the sunny slope, with or without irrigation conditions is not important. Variety selection. The selected variety must be a variety that has been proven to be excellent at a local time after a certain period of cultivation experiments. At present, Napierel and Napras are the two best breeds. Napurui, California's No. 1 species, flowering at the end of March, harvesting period of September; kernels to large, flat, the shell as thin as "paper", tight seal, large tree, upright Branches stretch. Napras, early in its flowering period, is mainly used for pollination. The flowering period is 5 days ahead of Napure and the harvesting period is 2 weeks later than that of Napure. The nuts are large, the fruit shell is soft and closed tightly, and the tree body stretches. Early flowering, susceptible to frost. A flat peach orchard, under the premise of meeting the pollination of the main cultivars, the variety should not be too much, generally 2 to 3 main cultivars. Similarly, the variety developed in one area should not be too much, too much is not conducive to commercial production, generally 2 to 3 main varieties, and others are collocations. Pollination tree configuration. Amygdala are cross-pollinated fruit trees, self-false, and some species are not affinities between pollination, production needs to configure the pollination tree. Generally, every 3 to 4 lines of main plant varieties are equipped with 1 to 2 lines of pollination varieties. It is also possible to mix 2 to 3 main cultivars and pollinate each other. Each new orchard should generally be planted with 2 to 5 varieties to ensure effective pollination. Planting density Apricot is a fruit tree with high luminous intensity. It is not suitable for planting dense plants. According to the local soil and geographical conditions, it is generally possible to use 3m 4m, 4m 4m or 3m 5m. In arid regions or thin mountainous lands, they can be densely packed. In fertile plains or in places where irrigation conditions exist, they should be sparsely planted. Seedlings planted. Planting time can be divided into two periods of autumn and spring. Autumnal colonization is carried out before the soil is frozen after defoliation, approximately from November to December; the spring planting is performed after the soil is thawed, and the sprouts of the seedlings are carried out before sprouting, approximately from March to April. Before planting, determine the planting points according to the determined plant spacing and mark them with lime. Then take the point as the center and dig and plant the hole. The size of the planting hole should be 80 cm square or 100 cm square, or it should be dug through the groove and the depth should be 80-100 cm. When digging a planting pit, topsoil and bottom soil are stacked separately. After digging the planting pits, apply 10-20 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer per hole, mix well with the topsoil, fill in the planting holes, fill in the steps, fill in a certain position, put the seedlings, then fill the soil, and Miao Shungen, more practical, makes the root system in close contact with the soil. Seedlings are planted at the same depth as at the nursery. After the planting is completed, the water shall be poured in a timely manner. In places where there is a shortage of water, in order to save water and effectively maintain moisture, the trunk around the trunk will be shaped into funnels, covered with plastic film, and a small amount of water can be concentrated in the densely-rooted areas where the film can be moisturized and warmed. If the nursery stock is planted after long-distance transport or planting, the root should be soaked in water for 12 hours the day before planting, so that it can fully absorb water, and the root system should be trimmed to cut the root hairs. This will Promote new roots and increase survival rate. After planting, it will be trimmed and dried, buried in cold, replenished, checked for survival, and timely replanting. Fruit and fruit management After the planting of almonds, the results usually begin 2 to 3 years, and 6 to 7 years into the fruit period. The formation of flower buds is easy, the seed setting rate is high, greatly exceeds the load, and light fruit thinning and fruit thinning must also be carried out. However, in some years, due to rain or snowing during flowering, diseases or frost are caused, resulting in fruit drop and affecting fruit yield. The measures for preventing and protecting fruits include: 1 Pay attention to the allocation of pollination trees when setting up the garden. 2 Strengthen the comprehensive management of orchards, increase the storage of nutrients in the tree, and promote the normal development of flower organs. 3 Shaowang tree less nitrogen, increased phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and promote flower bud differentiation. The adult tree nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilizer reasonable use, apply more organic fertilizer. 4 The method of using summer shear as the main method and winter cutting as the auxiliary method is adopted to reduce the crown closure and improve lighting conditions. 5 For trees with a large amount of flowers, topdressing should be carried out during flowering, and 0.3% urea should be sprayed on the leaves after flowering. When the summer shears cut off too weak, dense flowering branches, leaving the flowers to be spent on sparse buds and sparse flowers, so that the concentration of nutrients, is conducive to fruit set. 6 Put the bees, put the bees pollinating at the flowering period, and pay attention to the use of highly toxic pesticides before releasing the bees so as not to poison the bees. 7 Spraying 0.1% boric acid at full bloom, or spraying 10 to 2010-6 at the flowering season, can reduce fruit drop. Insect pest control winter combined with winter shear cut pests and branches, scrape rough old bark. In early spring, early March, dry branches, fallen leaves, fruit drop, etc. are completely removed, and burned in a concentrated manner. This can eliminate perennial bacterial sources such as perforation and leaf blight, and also eliminate pest sources such as Pyrosidium simulans, Ballkin scale insects, and Myzus persicae. In mid-March, 3 to 5 degrees lime sulfur was sprayed before germination to eliminate perennial bacteria such as perforated brown rot and leaf blast disease. When the buds sprouted, they sprayed 5% of high-efficiency bactericide 2000-3000 times and 100 times of Fumei arsenic, or 2000 times of chrysanthemum emulsifiable oil, and 100 times of Fumei arsenic added to the chrysanthemum mixture to destroy the winter oocytes. After Xiehua, the tree is sprayed with 30% chrysanthemum cream 2500 times or 50% methamidophos 2000 times, which can be used to treat both pear borer and various aphids. In the middle and early May, spraying 65% Daisenzinc 600 times and 30% Chrysanthemum Jujube 2000 times, it can also treat peaches and perforation and pests such as Pyrosphaeridae and Pseudocladium. The fungicide is sprayed once every 15 to 20 days from the beginning of June and sprayed 2 or 3 times. 65% of the agent is used as a 600 times solution, 50% of the 700 times solution is used, and 50% of the carbendazim is used. 800 ~ 1000 times liquid, can prevent and cure a variety of diseases. The prevention and control of red spiders is mainly sprayed with 20% broom and net 4000 to 5000 times of the liquid in the event of an outbreak, and the efficacy can be maintained for 40 to 60 days. Spraying once can control the damage. Pruning The main tree-shaped almond tree is 4-6 meters high, with strong growth potential, high germination rate and branching rate, large annual growth, and 2 branching characteristics. The buds germinate strongly and can be sprouted and sprouted when stimulated, and flower buds (pure flower buds) are easily formed. The result is early and easy to produce. However, after a large number of results, the tree tends to decay, and under conditions of extensive management, it starts from 30 to 40 years. senescence. Therefore, in the year of colonization of almonds, using the characteristics of early maturity and multiple branching of the buds, the summer branches were used to select the main branches and cultivate the lateral branches. The stable skeleton structure can be formed that year, laying a good foundation for fruit production. The high yield tree structure of almond trees is characterized by a low-dry, low-crown, firm skeleton, open canopy, and good ventilation and light transmission. General requirements of dry high 40 to 60 cm, leaving 3 to 5 main branches staggered born, each main branch cultured 2 to 4 lateral branches, staggered configuration, lateral branches on the large, medium and small branch groups. In terms of plastic surgery, natural happy-shape and double-branch "V" shape (two main branches of happy shape) are mainly used. Pruning almonds divided development branches, resulting branches and leggy branches. In the resulting shoots, the fruiting branches and length and flower buds can be divided into: 1 long fruiting branches. More than 30 cm, diameter of 0.4 to 0.5 cm, the bud can be sprouted on it, and the bud can be differentiated on the shoot, single flower buds and double flower buds. 2 fruit branches. It is 5 to 15 cm long and 0.3 to 0.4 cm in diameter. It does not sprout a secondary shoot, but has single flower buds and double flower buds. 3 short fruit branches. Most of the varieties are mainly short-fruited branches, fruiting branches 3 to 5 cm long and 0.3 to 0.4 cm in diameter. On short fruiting branches, most of them are double-flowering buds. After the short fruit branch results each year, it can also extend new shoots, about 1 cm in length, and continue to differentiate flower buds on new shoots. The fruity branches and the thin fruit branches alternately die with each passing year. 4 small short fruit branches. Most fruit varieties have the largest percentage of small and short fruit branches. Fruit branches 1 to 2 cm in length, whose apical buds are leaf buds, with 2 to 5 flower buds growing around them. The result is less robust fruit branches and leaf buds that can continue to draw new shoots and differentiate flower buds on new shoots. If there are too many fruits (3 to 5 fruit), fruit shoots will no longer draw new shoots and will die after the results. The weak growth of short and short fruit branches, no differentiation of flower buds in the same year, the second year before differentiation of flower buds, and the shortest life expectancy, usually 2 to 3 years. 5 leggy results branches. Fruit branches are about 40 cm long and about 1.0 cm in diameter. Flower buds are generally distributed in the lower part of the branches. There are single flower buds and double flower buds. The number of flower buds is small, but the fruits can grow normally and mature, and no secondary shoots are pumped. Apricot's leggy branches mostly occur on the branches, which are more than 1 meter in length, about 1.5 centimeters in diameter, and long in internodes. There are also leaf buds between the leaves and the buds, and flower buds with poor development quality are not easy to sit on. Under normal circumstances, the saplings and early fruit trees have a strong tree vigor. The objective of pruning is to enlarge the crown, increase the amount of branches, and occupy the space. In the pruning method, the main branch extensions should be lightly cut, long and open, and the angle should be opened. Flowering and fruiting branches are thrown to control vegetative growth and promote multiple results. Standing tall and long branches on the back, long branches within the offenders, peripheral competition branches and dense branches must be removed. Fruit trees in the fruiting period are dominated by short-fruiting branches. The growth is moderated and the yield is stable. The pruning is mainly to stand upright standing branches on the back of the main branch and long branches on the inside of the branch, and the branch branches or perennial branches can be retracted to 2 to 3 At the branch of the year, the method of rotation is used to update the results of the year. At the same time, dry branches and pests should be removed. For the aging tree, we must adopt the method of retraction to promote new shoots to attract the buds, and we must also flexibly reform and use the standing Wangzhi and leggy branches to renew the crown and cultivate the new result branches to promote the rejuvenation of the tree. Almond pruning is different from peach. After the selection of the backbone branches, except for the appropriate shortening of the backbone extension branch each year, the main branch is the thinning. Long, medium and short fruit branches are the main body of the result. Keep as much as possible to increase production. The obvious signs of ripening and processing of almond fruit during harvesting, storage and transportation are that the peel is cracked or all cracked along the suture line and the core of the fruit is exposed. The order of fruit ripening on the tree is from the periphery of the crown to the inside of the crown. Therefore, when the fruit inside the canopy is cracked and matured, it can be harvested. If the harvest is too early and the quality is poor, the peel will not peel off easily. After harvesting too late, the peels shrink and harden, especially in the paper-shell type, and the cores and shells become black, affecting the nucleolus quality. Therefore, timely harvesting is required. In Xinjiang, the main producing area of ​​almonds in China, a long tapping is used to shake and shake the branches to make the fruit fall. The fruit is spread under the canopy before the fruit is hit, and the fruit falls on the cloth for easy collection and treatment. Pay attention when you hit the fruit, try not to damage the leaves, so as not to affect the production of the next year. Harvest the fruit immediately peel off the skin and dry it in time. After the shells have dried, they are fumigated with sulphur so that the shells and shells can protect the bright color and are stored in a dry (humidity below 10%), cold, and ventilated conditions. In the United States, Australia, South Africa and other countries, almond harvesting has been mechanized. First, shake the trunk with a shaker to shake the fruit, shake the fruit, and then collect the shaken fruit in the transport box with a rake, transport it to the post-harvest treatment site, remove the peel with a peeler, and then rinse with a washing and drying machine. Dry, and finally stored in dry and cold shell fruit, or shelled by the sheller, transported to the processing plant or directly transported to the city Chang almond harvest mechanization, greatly reducing production costs, improve production efficiency and efficiency. Almonds are shelled and sold directly through packaging. They are also sold by bleached shells. It can also be processed into salt-fried (roasted) almonds, sticky almonds, etc., and sold in colorful plastic bags. When the almonds are damaged or shelled, they are shipped to a chocolate confectionery factory or pastry factory for processing into various confectioneries. Fertilizer and Water Management Almond trees are drought-resistant, tolerant, adaptable, resistant to extensive management, and enhanced soil fertigation management is more conducive to high-yield, stable production and increased economic efficiency. Soil management. Almond trees should be ploughed once a year and 5 to 6 times in the cultivator loose soil weeding, in order to improve soil permeability, reduce soil moisture evaporation, increase the temperature in early spring, autumn tillage tillage depth of 20 ~ 25 cm is appropriate. During the growing season, the orchard should protect the loose and non-weed state. In areas with high rainfall in summer or areas with irrigation conditions and abundant water sources, green or low stem and shallow root crops can be planted between rows. Each year, in combination with base fertilizer, autumn ploughing of 20 to 25 cm deep is carried out to reduce water and soil loss. Improve soil structure and increase soil fertility. Comparing the heavy soil or the lower layer with the concretion layer soil, starting from the sapling, combined with the base fertilizer to expand the hole, the time is appropriate after harvesting. The method is to spread out 3 to 4 radiation grooves in the lower part of the canopy projection, 40 cm wide, 70 to 80 cm long, and 40 to 60 cm deep, and mix the evenly distributed soil fertilizer and timely watering. Fertilization. Almond fruit is a kind of kernel with high fat content. Therefore, the requirement for nitrogenous fertilizers is relatively high, but the emphasis is on the application of base fertilizers and the use of base fertilizers. Saplings are applied once a year, and mature trees can be applied every two years. The amount of fertilizer applied is 15 to 25 kg per plant per year for young trees and 30 to 80 kg for mature trees. The period of fertilization is appropriate after harvesting. Can be used groove, radiation groove or the whole garden spread. Fertilizers include manure, ring fertilizer, compost, and green manure. Almonds have high requirements for nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. In order to meet the requirements of almonds for nitrogen fertilizers, topdressing fertilizers or top-dressing fertilizers are used in combination with the phenology of almond growth and soil fertility. Before germination, after fruit set, after fruit enlargement, and after fruit harvest, topdressing was performed according to actual needs. Nitrogen was the main fertilizer in the early stage and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were used in the later period. irrigation. In areas with an annual rainfall of 400-500 mm, almonds can be cultivated without irrigation. However, in areas with insufficient rainfall or uneven rainfall distribution in spring and summer, irrigation should be carried out in key periods to ensure normal growth and development of almonds. Generally should be combined with topdressing and fruit expansion before irrigation, irrigation twice, and winter irrigation before winter, can basically meet the water requirement of almond development. In areas with a lot of rain in summer, the almond orchard should pay attention to timely drainage and avoid damage.