White shrimp culture technology in South America
2018-06-07 19:00:12
In order to adapt to the market demand after the accession to the WTO as soon as possible, improve the international competitiveness of aquatic products in China, and increase the awareness of safety and hygiene of aquatic products, in the breeding process, in accordance with the healthy breeding technical specifications, the production of foods meeting the standards and pollution-free has become The top priority of the aquaculture industry. Penaeus vannamei is a new species of shrimp culture in China. Its healthy breeding technology is a new breeding model promoted in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province in recent years. It has the characteristics of low cost, less disease, quick effect, high efficiency, and is very urgent. And important significance. The main technologies are introduced as follows:
First, culture environment
1. Pond Selection Penaeus vannamei should avoid the natural seawater area in light of breeding environment, and the soil should not be polluted by “three wastesâ€. The fresh water supply is sufficient, and the water quality should meet the “NY5051-2001 pollution-free food freshwater aquaculture water quality†standard. The pond is rectangular, with an area of ​​3 mu to 5 mu, suitable for sedimentation, good water retention, and a water depth of 1.3m to 1.8m.
2. Preparation before stocking Old ponds should be cleared of silt in the pond before full stocking, fully exposed to sunlight and disinfected with quick lime 100kg/mu ~ 150kg/mu. Aquaculture water use agricultural salt or concentrated seawater (brine) with fresh water, the use of agricultural salt is 600kg/mu to 800kg/mu, and the use of brine is 5t/mu to 8t/mu. In the breeding process, the salinity is not less than 1.00 ‰. Second, seed quality and stocking
1. The quality requirements of seedlings require healthy, lively, neat specifications, clean surface, sensitive to external stimuli, and obvious directional swimming; PCR and other methods for white spot and other virus sampling detection without poison; body length must reach 1.0cm or more After desalination to below 3.00 ç› salinity.
2. When stocking and raising seedlings, the optimum water temperature for pool water is 22°C to 35°C. The day before the shrimp hatched, take a small amount of shrimp and try to raise it. After 24 hours, the survival rate reached 85% or more. The temperature difference between the temperature of the water should not exceed 3°C, and the shrimp bag should be placed in the pool water for 10 minutes to 30 minutes and then bagged into the pool. The planting density is generally 40,000/mu to 60,000/mu; ponds with aeration equipment, convenient drainage and drainage are available, and the density can be increased to 100,000/day.
Third, feeding and management
1. Water quality control adopts a semi-closed culture method. The water level is 60cm to 100cm when the seedlings are released, and 3cm to 5cm of water is added every day in the early stage. After the full water is added, the water is changed little according to the water quality, and the salinity of the pool water is maintained at 1.00%. Above; the pH value of the pool water is controlled between 7.8 and 9.2. When it is lower than 8.0, it can be adjusted by quicklime. The dosage is 5kg/mu~15kg/mu. When the pH value exceeds 8.8, it can be adjusted by talcum powder. It is 10kg/mu~20kg/mu; the transparency of the pool water is kept at 25cm~40cm, which can be adjusted by changing the new water; the dissolved oxygen in the pool water is kept above 4mg/L, and the ammonia, nitrite and hydrogen sulfide are controlled at 0.2mg. /L below.
2. Feed Quality Requirements and Feeding Methods Feeds should use shrimp feed formulated in compliance with industry standards, local standards, and the “NY5072-2002 Safe Food, Non-Hazardous Food, Feed, and Compound Feed Safety Standardâ€, without using expired, mildewed, contaminated feed. It is forbidden to use fresh live seafood. The drugs and types of pharmaceutical baits made from drug additives should conform to the requirements in the "Regulations for the Use of Feed Additives for Food Additives" of the Ministry of Agriculture and the "NY5071-2002 Guidelines for the Use of Non-Hazardous Foods and Drugs for the Use of Medicinal Products", and they must not be added to feed for a long time. drug.
Within half a month after the shrimp enters the pond, it mainly feeds on the basic bait in the pool water, and supplements egg tarts and shrimp slices. After half a month, the shrimp feed was completely fed. Large size seedlings with body lengths of 2.0 cm to 3.0 cm can be fed directly to compound feeds. Specific feeding method: feeding 2 to 4 times a day, when the body length is 1cm to 3cm, the feeding amount accounts for 10.0% to 7.0% of the body weight; when the body length is 3cm to 7cm, the feeding amount accounts for the weight 7.0%～4.5% of the body weight; when the body length is 7cm～10cm, the feeding amount accounts for 4.5%～3.0% of the body weight; when the body length is longer than 10cm, the feeding amount accounts for 3.0% of the body weight. ~ 2.0%. In order to accurately grasp the amount of feeding, set 2 to 3 feed tables per pool, and the feed station should be set at the bottom of the inshore pool. The amount of feed put in the feed station should be 1.5% of the amount of each feed, and the rest should be sprinkled around the pond. 2 hours after each feeding, check the amount of remaining bait in the feed table, and adjust the amount of bait according to the conditions of the amount of bait, combined with weather, water temperature, and water quality.
3. Disease prevention and treatment requirements and disease prevention and control The disease prevention and control should adhere to the principle of “prevention first†and implement the healthy breeding technical measures in every breeding link. Drug use must be carried out in accordance with the “Guidelines for NY5071-2002 Guidelines for the Use of Non-Hazardous Food and Fishery Drugs.†The common diseases and control methods of Penaeus vannamei in light culture are as follows:
(1) Viral Diseases: The virus currently found is mainly white spot baculovirus, and the main symptom is that the diseased shrimp do not ingest, the body surface often adheres to stickies, and irregular white spots can be seen after peeling the head breastplate. Etiology: In view of its prevalence, there is an outbreak of shrimp disease in the presence of pathogens, combined with the harsh environment and unhealthy shrimp body. Virus transmission and infection can be divided into vertical and horizontal transmission, vertical transmission to the intergenerational transmission, horizontal transmission mainly through pool water, sediment, feed, excrement and other media. The reason why the aquaculture is low is because the model has fundamentally cut off the means of horizontal transmission. However, it does not mean that this model will not cause virus disease in breeding, if the shrimp is infected with viruses or other virus sources, and the breeding environment Worse, shrimps are unhealthy and can easily cause viral diseases. Prevention: There are no effective therapeutic drugs at present. We should adhere to the principle of “prevention from the main, scientific feeding and managementâ€. We must start from improving the breeding environment and enhancing the resistance of shrimps and promote healthy breeding. First, the entire pool should be thoroughly dredged and sun-disinfected prior to planting; Second, healthy and disease-free shrimp should be placed; Third, fresh live bait should not be fed; Fourth, photosynthetic bacteria should be used regularly, net Water agents and other water quality and sediment modifiers continue to improve the farming environment.
(2) Vibriosis: The appendage becomes red (red leg), red beard, red tail, severed beard, gills, black gills, and rotten tail. Sick shrimps usually swim by the pool and empty stomach. Cause: Disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus or Vibrio anguillarum. Under normal circumstances, there is a small amount of Vibrio in the body of water and shrimp. When the environmental conditions deteriorate or the feed is malnourished, the resistance of the shrimp declines, and the Vibrio produces a large number of bacteria, which can cause vibriosis. Prevention: maintain a good breeding environment, accurately grasp the amount of feeding, do not vote on deteriorating feed. The incidence of dibromohydantoin, PV iodine 0.3mg/L ~ 0.4mg/L and other treatment, every 1 to 2 days spilled once, continuous use 3 to 4 times. At the same time can use PV iodine + Radix, rhubarb, Andrographis and other traditional Chinese medicine, 1:1 made of iodine mixture orally, per 100kg feed added 1kg made baits, continuous feeding 5 to 7 days.
(3) red body disease symptoms: sick shrimp body weight loss, body color significantly red, gastrointestinal insufficiency, often accompanied by red whitish, red tail and other complications. Cause: Whether this disease is infected with the taura virus has not yet been determined. Prevention: Thorough dredging, regular use of sediment modifiers or water quality improvers to improve the culture environment, and the release of robust and disease-free shrimp seedlings. The incidence of PV iodine 0.3mg/L ~ 0.4mg/L, spilled once a day, continuous use 3 times. At the same time using PV iodine mixture and internal use, the use of the same treatment of vibriosis.
(4) Polyptosis: Many white cilia are parasitized on the surface of the body and are slow to move. They swim slowly and unbalanced, affecting normal breathing and feeding, and causing severe death when severe. Etiology: Caused by polypide parasites or silkworms. Prevention: The use of potassium permanganate 1mg/L or formalin 5mg/L ~ 10mg/L has a certain effect.
(5) Symptoms of White Syndrome: The muscles of the diseased shrimp became white and opaque, and some of the body muscles became white and turbid, and died immediately after turning white. Cause: Due to the temperature difference between the water temperature is too large, poor water quality, dissolved oxygen deficiency, excessive breeding density caused. Control: The stocking density should be appropriate, and maintain the dissolved oxygen in water 4mg/L or more, the temperature difference between the temperature of the water should be less than 3°C. At the time of onset, Quanchiposa 0.3mg/L～0.4mg/L was sprayed on the sea-dried drugs, splashed once every 2 days, and used continuously for 3 times. At the same time, oxytetracycline was administered orally (with bait feeding) at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight. ~ 80mg/kg body weight, continuous feeding 5 to 7 days.
(6) Aquatic insects and predators (silkworm larvae), hydroponic plague (dragon larvae), earthworms, etc. are the common aquatic insects and predators in the common breeding of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). They not only compete for feed but also Ingestion of shrimp seedlings is harmful. Therefore, before the emergence of the seedlings, check whether there is water and other predators in the water. If it is found, first use 1PPm to 2PPm of trichlorfon to disinfect, remove, and drain the pool of water. If leeches are found in the breeding process, they can be induced by lights and then removed; if any fleas are found and removed promptly, 15mg/L ~ 20mg/L of tea seed cake can also be used to injure them.
(7) Nitrite poisoning caused by the high concentration of nitrite accumulated in pool water. The ammonia nitrogen content in the pool water is too high, the oxygen is insufficient, and the oxidation process is slow. The purification process of ammonia-nitrite-nitric acid does not proceed smoothly and will lead to the accumulation of nitrous acid nitrogen. In addition to the high concentration of nitrite, nitrite poisoning, the pH value is also a relevant condition, the pH is too high and the toxicity is relatively small. Prevention: A lot of flushing to reduce the nitrite concentration; Add appropriate amount of quicklime (5kg/mu ~ 10kg/mu), properly increase the pH value; Use photosynthetic bacteria, water quality, sediment purification and adjustment, absorption of toxic ammonia nitrogen; Increase Dissolved oxygen in water.
Fourth, the harvest of Penaeus vannamei after 60 days to 80 days of light culture, to achieve commercial specifications (60 / kg ~ 80 / kg) began to harvest. The harvest uses the method of "Famous Net" combined with pull nets to harvest, catch big and stay small, and finally dry pond fishing.
First, culture environment
1. Pond Selection Penaeus vannamei should avoid the natural seawater area in light of breeding environment, and the soil should not be polluted by “three wastesâ€. The fresh water supply is sufficient, and the water quality should meet the “NY5051-2001 pollution-free food freshwater aquaculture water quality†standard. The pond is rectangular, with an area of ​​3 mu to 5 mu, suitable for sedimentation, good water retention, and a water depth of 1.3m to 1.8m.
2. Preparation before stocking Old ponds should be cleared of silt in the pond before full stocking, fully exposed to sunlight and disinfected with quick lime 100kg/mu ~ 150kg/mu. Aquaculture water use agricultural salt or concentrated seawater (brine) with fresh water, the use of agricultural salt is 600kg/mu to 800kg/mu, and the use of brine is 5t/mu to 8t/mu. In the breeding process, the salinity is not less than 1.00 ‰. Second, seed quality and stocking
1. The quality requirements of seedlings require healthy, lively, neat specifications, clean surface, sensitive to external stimuli, and obvious directional swimming; PCR and other methods for white spot and other virus sampling detection without poison; body length must reach 1.0cm or more After desalination to below 3.00 ç› salinity.
2. When stocking and raising seedlings, the optimum water temperature for pool water is 22°C to 35°C. The day before the shrimp hatched, take a small amount of shrimp and try to raise it. After 24 hours, the survival rate reached 85% or more. The temperature difference between the temperature of the water should not exceed 3°C, and the shrimp bag should be placed in the pool water for 10 minutes to 30 minutes and then bagged into the pool. The planting density is generally 40,000/mu to 60,000/mu; ponds with aeration equipment, convenient drainage and drainage are available, and the density can be increased to 100,000/day.
Third, feeding and management
1. Water quality control adopts a semi-closed culture method. The water level is 60cm to 100cm when the seedlings are released, and 3cm to 5cm of water is added every day in the early stage. After the full water is added, the water is changed little according to the water quality, and the salinity of the pool water is maintained at 1.00%. Above; the pH value of the pool water is controlled between 7.8 and 9.2. When it is lower than 8.0, it can be adjusted by quicklime. The dosage is 5kg/mu~15kg/mu. When the pH value exceeds 8.8, it can be adjusted by talcum powder. It is 10kg/mu~20kg/mu; the transparency of the pool water is kept at 25cm~40cm, which can be adjusted by changing the new water; the dissolved oxygen in the pool water is kept above 4mg/L, and the ammonia, nitrite and hydrogen sulfide are controlled at 0.2mg. /L below.
2. Feed Quality Requirements and Feeding Methods Feeds should use shrimp feed formulated in compliance with industry standards, local standards, and the “NY5072-2002 Safe Food, Non-Hazardous Food, Feed, and Compound Feed Safety Standardâ€, without using expired, mildewed, contaminated feed. It is forbidden to use fresh live seafood. The drugs and types of pharmaceutical baits made from drug additives should conform to the requirements in the "Regulations for the Use of Feed Additives for Food Additives" of the Ministry of Agriculture and the "NY5071-2002 Guidelines for the Use of Non-Hazardous Foods and Drugs for the Use of Medicinal Products", and they must not be added to feed for a long time. drug.
Within half a month after the shrimp enters the pond, it mainly feeds on the basic bait in the pool water, and supplements egg tarts and shrimp slices. After half a month, the shrimp feed was completely fed. Large size seedlings with body lengths of 2.0 cm to 3.0 cm can be fed directly to compound feeds. Specific feeding method: feeding 2 to 4 times a day, when the body length is 1cm to 3cm, the feeding amount accounts for 10.0% to 7.0% of the body weight; when the body length is 3cm to 7cm, the feeding amount accounts for the weight 7.0%～4.5% of the body weight; when the body length is 7cm～10cm, the feeding amount accounts for 4.5%～3.0% of the body weight; when the body length is longer than 10cm, the feeding amount accounts for 3.0% of the body weight. ~ 2.0%. In order to accurately grasp the amount of feeding, set 2 to 3 feed tables per pool, and the feed station should be set at the bottom of the inshore pool. The amount of feed put in the feed station should be 1.5% of the amount of each feed, and the rest should be sprinkled around the pond. 2 hours after each feeding, check the amount of remaining bait in the feed table, and adjust the amount of bait according to the conditions of the amount of bait, combined with weather, water temperature, and water quality.
3. Disease prevention and treatment requirements and disease prevention and control The disease prevention and control should adhere to the principle of “prevention first†and implement the healthy breeding technical measures in every breeding link. Drug use must be carried out in accordance with the “Guidelines for NY5071-2002 Guidelines for the Use of Non-Hazardous Food and Fishery Drugs.†The common diseases and control methods of Penaeus vannamei in light culture are as follows:
(1) Viral Diseases: The virus currently found is mainly white spot baculovirus, and the main symptom is that the diseased shrimp do not ingest, the body surface often adheres to stickies, and irregular white spots can be seen after peeling the head breastplate. Etiology: In view of its prevalence, there is an outbreak of shrimp disease in the presence of pathogens, combined with the harsh environment and unhealthy shrimp body. Virus transmission and infection can be divided into vertical and horizontal transmission, vertical transmission to the intergenerational transmission, horizontal transmission mainly through pool water, sediment, feed, excrement and other media. The reason why the aquaculture is low is because the model has fundamentally cut off the means of horizontal transmission. However, it does not mean that this model will not cause virus disease in breeding, if the shrimp is infected with viruses or other virus sources, and the breeding environment Worse, shrimps are unhealthy and can easily cause viral diseases. Prevention: There are no effective therapeutic drugs at present. We should adhere to the principle of “prevention from the main, scientific feeding and managementâ€. We must start from improving the breeding environment and enhancing the resistance of shrimps and promote healthy breeding. First, the entire pool should be thoroughly dredged and sun-disinfected prior to planting; Second, healthy and disease-free shrimp should be placed; Third, fresh live bait should not be fed; Fourth, photosynthetic bacteria should be used regularly, net Water agents and other water quality and sediment modifiers continue to improve the farming environment.
(2) Vibriosis: The appendage becomes red (red leg), red beard, red tail, severed beard, gills, black gills, and rotten tail. Sick shrimps usually swim by the pool and empty stomach. Cause: Disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus or Vibrio anguillarum. Under normal circumstances, there is a small amount of Vibrio in the body of water and shrimp. When the environmental conditions deteriorate or the feed is malnourished, the resistance of the shrimp declines, and the Vibrio produces a large number of bacteria, which can cause vibriosis. Prevention: maintain a good breeding environment, accurately grasp the amount of feeding, do not vote on deteriorating feed. The incidence of dibromohydantoin, PV iodine 0.3mg/L ~ 0.4mg/L and other treatment, every 1 to 2 days spilled once, continuous use 3 to 4 times. At the same time can use PV iodine + Radix, rhubarb, Andrographis and other traditional Chinese medicine, 1:1 made of iodine mixture orally, per 100kg feed added 1kg made baits, continuous feeding 5 to 7 days.
(3) red body disease symptoms: sick shrimp body weight loss, body color significantly red, gastrointestinal insufficiency, often accompanied by red whitish, red tail and other complications. Cause: Whether this disease is infected with the taura virus has not yet been determined. Prevention: Thorough dredging, regular use of sediment modifiers or water quality improvers to improve the culture environment, and the release of robust and disease-free shrimp seedlings. The incidence of PV iodine 0.3mg/L ~ 0.4mg/L, spilled once a day, continuous use 3 times. At the same time using PV iodine mixture and internal use, the use of the same treatment of vibriosis.
(4) Polyptosis: Many white cilia are parasitized on the surface of the body and are slow to move. They swim slowly and unbalanced, affecting normal breathing and feeding, and causing severe death when severe. Etiology: Caused by polypide parasites or silkworms. Prevention: The use of potassium permanganate 1mg/L or formalin 5mg/L ~ 10mg/L has a certain effect.
(5) Symptoms of White Syndrome: The muscles of the diseased shrimp became white and opaque, and some of the body muscles became white and turbid, and died immediately after turning white. Cause: Due to the temperature difference between the water temperature is too large, poor water quality, dissolved oxygen deficiency, excessive breeding density caused. Control: The stocking density should be appropriate, and maintain the dissolved oxygen in water 4mg/L or more, the temperature difference between the temperature of the water should be less than 3°C. At the time of onset, Quanchiposa 0.3mg/L～0.4mg/L was sprayed on the sea-dried drugs, splashed once every 2 days, and used continuously for 3 times. At the same time, oxytetracycline was administered orally (with bait feeding) at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight. ~ 80mg/kg body weight, continuous feeding 5 to 7 days.
(6) Aquatic insects and predators (silkworm larvae), hydroponic plague (dragon larvae), earthworms, etc. are the common aquatic insects and predators in the common breeding of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). They not only compete for feed but also Ingestion of shrimp seedlings is harmful. Therefore, before the emergence of the seedlings, check whether there is water and other predators in the water. If it is found, first use 1PPm to 2PPm of trichlorfon to disinfect, remove, and drain the pool of water. If leeches are found in the breeding process, they can be induced by lights and then removed; if any fleas are found and removed promptly, 15mg/L ~ 20mg/L of tea seed cake can also be used to injure them.
(7) Nitrite poisoning caused by the high concentration of nitrite accumulated in pool water. The ammonia nitrogen content in the pool water is too high, the oxygen is insufficient, and the oxidation process is slow. The purification process of ammonia-nitrite-nitric acid does not proceed smoothly and will lead to the accumulation of nitrous acid nitrogen. In addition to the high concentration of nitrite, nitrite poisoning, the pH value is also a relevant condition, the pH is too high and the toxicity is relatively small. Prevention: A lot of flushing to reduce the nitrite concentration; Add appropriate amount of quicklime (5kg/mu ~ 10kg/mu), properly increase the pH value; Use photosynthetic bacteria, water quality, sediment purification and adjustment, absorption of toxic ammonia nitrogen; Increase Dissolved oxygen in water.
Fourth, the harvest of Penaeus vannamei after 60 days to 80 days of light culture, to achieve commercial specifications (60 / kg ~ 80 / kg) began to harvest. The harvest uses the method of "Famous Net" combined with pull nets to harvest, catch big and stay small, and finally dry pond fishing.