The effect of two feedings on multiple growth mammals

Effects of two feedings on sucking growth rabbits Abstract: 73 litters and a total of 584 neonate rabbits (Pannon white rabbits) were divided into 5 groups for testing. The control group (SS) was fed once a day until weaning at 35 days (traditional feeding mode). The DD group was fed by 2 female rabbits, both early and late, until weaning at 35 days. The DS group was fed 2 times a day until 23 days old and then once a day until 35 days old. A part of the feeding time in the DS group was 8 and 20 points (12 hours apart, DS12), and the other part was fed at 8 and 16 points (8 hours apart, DS8). Group 5 (D0) was fed twice a day to 23 days and then weaned immediately. At 23 days of age, pups who received two feedings (DD, DS12, DS8, and D0) a day received a 1.89-fold increase in the amount of milk fed to the control (SS) (P. Our results show that the growth potential and weaning of pups There is a close relationship between the number of feedings available in the first week after birth.Introduction It is a strange feature that the female rabbit only sucks one puppies a day.The feeding lasts about 3 to 4 minutes. In such a short period of time, the puppies can eat it. A lot of milk.The rest of the day, the pups are mainly spent sleeping.However, according to some recently published articles, among commercial rabbits, 30-50% of the females are fed twice a day but have not found In the first 19 days, the pups rely mainly on their milk to survive, and the amount of milk produced by the female rabbit determines the survival and weight gain of the pups because it is related to what each pup can get. Milk volume: The amount of milk produced by the female rabbit varies depending on the size of the rabbit, but there is no linear relationship between the amount of milk produced and the number of pups.SzendrÖ and Benke found that when the number of puppies doubled, the amount of milk production Only 0.35 times increase, the amount of milk per pup can be reduced from 650g to 440 g, shows that in only a few more litters, the amount of milk the pups can eat is less than that required for maximum growth.Someone has tried to have the female nurse feeding twice a day, but it has not been successful. Zoological observations indicate that The feeding is mainly from the female rabbit's wishes, not the puppies. In two studies related to humans, rabbits were considered experimental animals and 2 feedings a day was used as a model for overfeeding. This experiment motivated us to use two The female rabbits were breastfed to study the true growth potential of the pups. McNit and Moody used two female rabbits to feed and observed the growth of the pups. Padilha et al. used two mothers after the peak of lactation. The rabbits were nursed, postponed the feeding time after the lactation period, and observed the effects of caecal microbes and fermentation types at this time.In terms of the growth potential of the pups, feeding twice a day has many advantages, but it also brings about fat accumulation problems. This may affect the conversion of solid feed after weaning. The digestive physiology of puppies fed twice a day can be similar to pre-weaning for a long time, changing the response of puppies to weaning. The purpose of the trial consists of three aspects: (1) to study whether the pups are able or willing to eat twice a day; and (2) how to feed twice a day affects the viability of the pups, the consumption of milk and feed, the growth of the rabbits, and the body's Composition and (3) Effect of feeding time Materials and methods Animals and feeding environment The experimental animals were Pannon white rabbits, reared in a wire-rabbit rabbit cage, and the rabbit house was warmed in the winter (minimum 15°C) and not cooled during the summer (up to 26 -28°C.) The illumination time is 16 hours per day, and the test time is April to October 1999. The female rabbit is injected with 5 units of oxytocin at 31 days of pregnancy to ensure the delivery at the same time. The female rabbit is not permitted within 3 weeks after secretion. The average weight of the pups at the time of birth was 8.7g, and the puppies were randomly divided into groups of 8 according to the principle of similar average body weight (between 54 and 62g) and the same date of birth. To ensure that the number of pups in the test is standardized, the dead pups are replaced with puppies of the same age and weight. Initially there were 584 trials for a total of 73 groups. If the trial is unsuccessful, if all puppies only eat once a day milk, female rabbits or more than half of the pups died, remove this group. The last remaining 432, 54 groups. The experimental design was grouped based on the number of feedings per day. The second feeding was done twice a day in the group and was additionally provided by one female rabbit in the adjacent cage. The female rabbit also gave birth to a rabbit, but its offspring did not participate in the experiment. Grouping of puppies: SS group - 1 d1 feeding until 35 days of age (12 litters, a total of 96) DD group - 1 d2 times until 35 days of age weaning (12 litter, 96) D S12 group - 23 days of age The first 1 d 2 times, 12 hours apart. Then 1 d1 times until 35 days of age weaning (10 litters, 80) DS8 group - 2 times before 23 days of age, 8 hours during the day and 16 hours at night. Then 1 d1 times until 35 days of age weaned (10 litters, 80 dogs). D0 group—2 times before 1st day of 23 days of age, and then weaned directly (10 litters, 80 eggs). All puppies were The first female rabbit is fed from 8:00 to 8:30 in the morning. The rest of the time the female rabbits were kept alone. The second feeding time is from 20:00 to 20:30 (DD, DS12, D0), or at 16:00 (DS8) to observe the actual possibility. The female rabbits eat a commercial feed for 18 days before the diet and do not add any drugs. Then add the fattening diet containing the drug. The nutrient content of the diet is calculated from laboratory calculations. Rabbits freely drink water. The milk yield of female rabbits obtained from the parameters was obtained from the weight difference of the female rabbits before and after lactation. The amount of milk fed to each pup was calculated by dividing the total amount by the number of pups. The total weight of each litter was measured once a week before 28 days of age, and the weight of each litter was measured one week later. The amount of feed consumed was calculated from 18 days postpartum. To measure the characteristics of the carcass, rabbits weighing 2.6-3.2 kg live weight were killed and measured according to Blasco's method. Parameters measured included carcass weight, foreleg, shoulder and back weight, head weight, gut weight, liver weight, heart + kidney + lung weight, and shoulder fat content. After each part was measured, the rabbit meat was ground twice and mixed well. 100g was weighed for laboratory testing. Samples are stored in plastic bags (or nylon bags) in a -20°C freezer. Soxhlet extract was used to test the fat content of rabbit meat. Data Calculation Univariate analysis of variance was used to compare the milk production, body weight, and carcass characteristics of the female rabbits. The formula was as follows: Yij = μ + Si + еij. Body weight at each site was used as the covariance: Yij = μ + Si + b (Bwn-Bw) + еij. Where: Yij = observed value; μ = average; Si = test result; b = linear regression coefficient of body weight (only consider body weight in different parts); Bwn = individual body weight at slaughter; Bw = mean individual body weight at slaughter; Еij = random error. The x2 test was used to represent the difference in the number of deaths between the experimental groups. Data is calculated primarily through the SPSS7.5 package. As a result, the number of unsuccessful feedings was very small. In the morning and evening, they were only 3% and 11% respectively. This indicates that 14% of the female rabbits had once fed less milk, and the number of unsuccessful feedings at night was about 4 times that of the morning. . In order to avoid affecting the test results, puppies that had at least one milk eaten in the trial would be eliminated. The pups fed a d2 feeding group had about 2 times the amount of milk fed by those puppies (SS) once a day. During the first 23 days of feeding in the morning, two groups (DD, D0) consumed significantly less milk in the two feeding groups than in the SS group (P, 23 days before, 2 times a day (DD, DS12, DS8, D0). The amount of milk consumed was 0.89 times more than that of the SS group, and there was no significant difference between the DS12 group and the DS8 group.. With the exception of the night feeding, the amount of milk consumed by the DS12 and DS8 was similar to that of the SS group, while the DD group consumed between the ages of 24-35 days. The amount of milk was 1.74 times that of the control group.From the first birth to the 21st day of age, the amount of milk consumed per 1 g of body weight was increased, and the SS, DD, DS12, DS8, and D0 were 2.02, 1.98, 1.96, 1.98, and 2.01 g, respectively. The difference was not significant. At the beginning of weight and weight gain, the mean body weight of each group of pups was the same (58g). From 3 weeks of age to the end of the experiment, the weight of rabbits fed twice a day was significantly higher than that of the control group (P 35-63 days of age. For weight gain, the SS group was lower than any of the other groups (48.3, 53.5, 52.3, and 57.0 g for SS, DD, DS, and D0, respectively), and 90% of rabbits in the DD group achieved slaughter weight of 2.5 kg at 9 weeks of age. However, those rabbits that had milk once a day did not reach the same weight until 70% of the rabbits reached 10 weeks of age.. Compared with the twice-a-day feeding group, the SS group took time to eat and eat In the DS group, the amount of feedstuffs rose steadily after 23 days, while the D0 group had less feed in the first two days after weaning, but after 25 days, their food intake soared over the other groups on the 27th. Pre-age intake: The consumption of the DD group was rapidly increased after weaning and was similar to the other 2 feeding groups (DS, D0) in the first 10 weeks. After weaning, there was no significant difference between the 2 feeding groups, but SS The group's intake was significantly lower (P mortality group, regardless of the first 23 days, after weaning or weaning, the mortality rate is not very different. From birth to 70 days, the mortality rate of each group does not exceed 10 In the SS group, although the difference was not significant compared with the other 2 feeding groups on a day, the mortality rate was still 2 other times.D0 group was weaned earlier, but the mortality rate was within 2.7% within 23-35 days. The slaughter data used cockroach weight as the covariance, and after calculating with body weight, there was no significant difference in cockroach body weight in different parts of the test group, and the proportion of fur was the same.The proportion of front legs and hind legs in the SS group was higher than that of other test groups, and the shoulder The proportion of back is slightly lower and the difference is significant (P fat content of the carcass in order to check every kilogram We also measured fat content in body fat and weight.Based on the data obtained, we found that the content of DD group was higher than that of other groups, and the difference was significant (P discussed our experiments show that most of the female rabbits can be in the evening Breastfeeding, and puppies are willing and able to eat twice a day in 24 hours, regardless of whether the interval is 12h, 8h or 16h, from the birth to the 23rd day of the comparison, twice-daily puppies feeding The amount was 1.89 times that of a traditional rabbit fed once a day, and the ratio of three-week-old body weight was 1.7:1. The observations were consistent with those of articles published by Hardman, Spencer, Hull, McNitt, and Moody. This result confirms that under traditional feeding methods, pups can eat more milk than normal females. When milk production is limited, puppies do not get enough growth within their growth potential. Blocking growth is mainly in the third week because of the limited milk production. Comparing two feedings and one feeding of suckling rabbits at the age of three weeks, it can be found that the feeding pups need at least 0.7 times the growth potential. The main problem in actual production is how to increase the feed consumption in the lactation phase without using two mother rabbits for breastfeeding. In rabbits, the amount of milk needed for every 1 gram of body weight is very irregular, that is, two feedings do not necessarily affect the utilization of milk. This explains why the two feedings, but the weight only increased by 0.7 times. The time and schedule for the start of supplementing the solid feed mainly depends on the amount of milk the pups receive, consistent with the opinions of Matertens and Groote et al. The D0 group ate very little in the first 2 days after weaning, which was similar to the 18-day weaning reported by Piattoni and Maertens. These weaned rabbits eat a large amount of food after a few days of starving. This starvation only occurs on the 2nd day after weaning, because on the 1st day after weaning, their stomachs are not empty. In the absence of breastfeeding, puppies can sleep very hard. The 23d weaning had a slight effect on weight gain in the first few days, which is consistent with the conclusion of Xiccato et al. They found that the growth curve decreased during the first days of weaning, but consistent with our results, weaning age did not have much effect on final body weight. Regardless of the time of weaning, sooner or later, the mortality rate in each experimental group was very low. Low mortality rates and sustained weight gains indicate that puppies are more easily adapted to weaning. Piattoni and Maertens have reported cases of low mortality at 18 days of weaning. Recently, Xiccato et al. compared the effect of weaning time on mortality at 21-28 days, and found no difference. It should be pointed out that we added drugs to the feeds used in our trials. The number of deaths in this article should take into account the possible effects of the drug. The second feeding group had an indirect effect on the dietary solid feed after weaning. Twenty-nine puppies who had breast-feeding twice a day were 5-9 weeks old and the amount of feed was much higher than that of the control group. This can be seen from the increase in weight. Their digestive systems may be more adaptable to solid feeds, so they consume more feed. On the other hand, young rabbits are heavier when weaning, so they need more feed to maintain the same weight gain. Experiments have shown that there is a positive relationship between weaning weight and post-weaning weight gain. This is the reason that the increase in the 2nd day after weaning is higher than that of the traditional feeding pups. The difference in body weight between the two groups at 9 weeks of age was 0.37 kg (P. Although the pups in the 2 feeding groups consumed more feed per day, the total consumption from 3 weeks of age to slaughter was 0.4-0.8 less than the control group. Kg, this is because the time to reach the slaughter weight is earlier. If two feedings or other methods can increase milk production, this theoretical advantage will bring practical benefits. The proportion of fur that eats a rabbit twice a day There was no change, but the proportion of shoulders and shoulders increased, probably because two feedings can promote the growth of the shoulder muscles, and the liver weight increased. This is because the intake of milk or food increases, and the intake of protein increases, resulting in liver weight. The increase in breastfeeding also increased the amount and weight of fat on the shoulders, and the increase in fat content occurred only on suckers twice a day before weaning compared with fat deposition. According to data published by Spencer and Hull, it was Diet will affect the fat deposition of early feeding rabbits.The growth rabbits eat too much material, may also have the phenomenon of fat deposition.(This article by Liu Hui)

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