How to raise dairy cows during domestic period
The perinatal period of dairy cows generally refers to a total of 15 days before and after childbirth for a period of one month, in which the first 15 days of delivery are referred to as the perinatal period and the latter 15 days are referred to as the perinatal period. This period is the most critical stage in the milk production cycle of dairy cows and is very important for the health of cows before and after childbirth, fetuses and newborn calves. Management techniques for perinatal dairy cows are not only directly related to the health status of dairy cows at this time, but also related to the normal development of post-natal cow life activities, peak lactation, prolonged lactation, reproduction, and the incidence of postpartum nutritional metabolic disorders. Therefore, the management of the perinatal period is of vital importance, which is related to the economic benefits of dairy farming.
First, the physiological characteristics of perinatal dairy cows
The perinatal period is a specific physiological stage of dairy cows. This period of cows has the following physiological characteristics:
1. The fetus in pre-perinatal cows is basically mature and the fetus volume increases rapidly. At this point on the one hand to give a higher level of nutrition to ensure the normal development of the fetus, on the other hand, the level of nutrition can not be too high, so as not to overweight cows and fetuses. Over- or under-nutrition will directly affect the growth of the fetus and the post-natal health of the cow.
2. The pre-perinatal period is the period when the cows transition to a new lactation period and require the cows to rapidly feed dry matter, especially concentrates, after birth. Therefore, in order to raise the rumen of cows gradually to establish a microflora and internal environment suitable for digesting a large amount of feed, it is necessary to give a proper high level and balanced nutrition.
3. Blood calcium decreased in the last few days before calving.
4. From the time of pregnancy to calving to lactation, the whole body changes greatly. Expressed as the rapid exchange of water and minerals, and changes in excretion and secretion through milk production, etc.; coupled with changes in cow intake, digestion, and respiration, these may affect the metabolism of cow nutrients, The postnatal metabolic stability of cows is reduced.
5. Because of the pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation, the immune status of the cow is reduced and the resistance to disease is reduced, resulting in a high incidence of cows and high mortality. The common diseases of cows such as milk fever, retention of placenta, ketosis, endometritis, true gastric shift and mastitis occur in this period.
Second, cows perinatal management problems easily overlooked
1. Since the cows in the pre-period stage do not have lactation, the breeders also have insufficient knowledge of the special characteristics of the perinatal physiology. They mainly focus on the lactating cows and often neglect the feeding and management of the cows in the pre-perinatal period. Extensive management patterns make the cows under- or over-nutritive, and sometimes the nutrition is severely imbalanced. As a result, the cows are either too thin or over-fat, and the fetus is too large to cause dystocia or to cause metabolic disorders and diseases.
2. The calving process of dairy cows requires a certain amount of time. Some farmers are often anxious and give birth prematurely and damage the birth canal, causing postpartum reproductive system disorders.
3. Ignore post-natal care for cows and pay no attention to sanitation. Retreatment of cow diseases is light and often causes unnecessary losses.
Three, perinatal feeding management
Whether the feeding and management at this stage is reasonable or not has a great influence on milk yield and health status in the next lactation period.
1. Gradually increase the amount of concentrate feed to adjust the rumen environment. In order to gradually establish the rumen of dairy cows to adapt to the microflora and the internal environment for digesting a large amount of concentrated feed, the first two weeks of production still need to be fed with high-quality hay with the appropriate concentrate; the amount of concentrate should be gradually increased, but the maximum amount of feed should be increased. The amount should not exceed 1% of the cow's weight. In other words, it is advisable to increase the amount of concentrate feed in the perinatal period from 2 to 3 kg per day to 5 to 6 kg.
In the pre-period cows' diet, the dry matter accounts for 2.5% to 3% of the cow's body weight. Each kilogram of dietary dry matter contains 2 to 2.3 energy units of cows, 13% of crude protein, 0.2% of calcium, and 0.3% of phosphorus. , Crude material ratio is 40:60, crude fiber is not less than 20%. Dietary composition reference: 3-6 kg of mixed concentrate, 4 kg of high quality hay, 15 kg of silage, 5 kg of dregs and rootstock, and pay attention to trace elements and vitamin supplements.
2. Use low-calcium and low-salt feeding methods to add anionic salts. Reducing the salt content in the diet can prevent postpartum breast edema in cows, which is beneficial to the recovery of appetite in cows; reducing calcium content can effectively prevent milk fever and reduce the incidence of metabolic diseases. The amount of prenatal salt can be reduced from the original 75 to 100 grams per day to 30 to 50 grams. The amount of calcium can be reduced to 1/2 to 1/3.
Studies in recent years have shown that in order to prevent postpartum hypocalcemia and reduce a series of metabolic disturbances such as reduced dry matter intake, retention of placenta, milk production, gastric translocation, and keeluria, etc. Nowadays, the most widely used and relatively simple and effective method is to add anionic salts (anionic salts such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, etc.) to reduce the pH of cow urine to the range of 6 to 6.5. For best results. Therefore, feed ingredients with high potassium and sodium content should be discontinued during the perinatal period, such as bacilli, soybean meal, salt, and baking soda.
Within two to three days prior to the cow’s onset of labor, care should be taken to increase some easily digestible, bran-reducing bran to prevent cows from constipation. The specific method can add 30-50 kilograms of bran to 100 kilograms of concentrate material to feed cows. Do not feed your cow too much, so that you do not suffer from ketouria in the first few days after giving birth.
3. Increase the magnesium content in the diet. In order to prevent the occurrence of milk fever in dairy cows, diets containing 0.35% to 0.40% magnesium in the early perinatal period can prevent the decrease of postpartum magnesium levels.
4. Pre-period management
(1) Cows entering the perinatal period should be transferred to the maternity ward so that the cows are accustomed to the delivery room environment. The delivery room was previously sterilized with 2% caustic soda water and covered with dry and clean bedding. In the delivery room, each cow occupies a stall and does not use tethers to allow the cows to move freely in the pen. Provide sufficient and clean drinking water to supply high-quality green roughage and ensure the supply of fat-soluble vitamins.
(2) The ground in the delivery room should not be smooth to prevent cows from slipping and causing premature birth. They should also avoid mutual collision when entering or leaving the door.
(3) In order to prevent miscarriage, premature delivery and obstructed labor, the quality and freshness of the feed should be ensured, and absolutely no frozen, spoiled forage grass feed can be provided.
(4) Properly adding appropriate amount of light is beneficial to the health of dairy cows, and it also helps to reduce and prevent premature birth. At the same time to maintain the health of cattle body, should be brushed every day to promote blood circulation.
(5) Pay close attention to observing changes in the cow's breast and ensure the health of the breast. Under normal circumstances, there is no need for milking before delivery. Occasionally, however, in the case of an abnormal condition where the breasts and nipples are prematurely inflated, or even when they are red and swollen and feverish, they can be milked in order to avoid adverse effects such as inflammation and deformed breasts. Prenatal milking is a measure that must be taken as a last resort and should never be promoted.
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